1. An ultramarathon is a long-distance running event that exceeds the standard marathon distance. These races can vary significantly in distance, typically starting at 31miles and going up to 100 miles (or more), with some events even encompassing multi-day challenges.

Event Certification Requirements

For an official marathon, it must be greater than or equal to 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km). If the course is not certified, the Race Director must provide documentation showing how the course was measured, including at least two measurements using an odometer (里程表) or GPS.

Major Governing Bodies

◎ IAU: International Association of Ultrarunners

The IAU is the global governing body for ultramarathon events. Founded in 1984, it works closely with World Athletics to regulate races that exceed the traditional marathon distance.

◎ WA: World Athletics

Formerly known as the IAAF(International Association of Athletics Federations), World Athletics is the global governing authority for all track and field, road running, and race walking events.

◎ ITRA: International Trail Running Association

While the IAU and WA mostly govern road ultras and timed events, ITRA focuses on the wild world of trail ultrarunning. Founded in 2013, ITRA fills a crucial gap by creating standards specific to trail races.

International Events

If an event involves multiple countries, the portion of the route in the host country must make up at least 50% of the total distance to be counted. The participant must provide written assurance to the Race Director.

Race Results and Documentation

Participants are encouraged to maintain proof of event completion, such as a finisher's certificate or medal. If an event allows early starts, the Race Director must ensure that the time for early starters is properly recorded.

1. （1） What should the Race Director do for a non-certified ultramarathon?

   A . Measure the course once with GPS. B . Ensure a precise course of 42.195 km. C . Offer measurement files of the course. D . Present proof of natural race interruptions.
3. （2） Which organization is mainly governing the off-road ultramarathon in the wild?

   A . IAU B . WA. C . IAAF. D . ITRA.
5. （3） What is the requirement for an international ultramarathon?

   A . Participants must submit medical certificates. B . Early starters' times are adjusted by themselves. C . All finishers receive a medal as completion proof. D . The host country's route is over half the total distance.